Throughout the semester, students will complete approximately 4–7 popup quizzes, each consisting of 2–4 questions to reinforce key concepts and skills covered in class. Popup quizzes will be administered during class sessions without prior notice and will assess understanding of recent lecture material, readings, or data analysis techniques from previous lectures. These quizzes are brief and focus on fundamental concepts to encourage regular engagement with course content. If you score at least 70 percent on the quizzes, you will receive the full grade.